\documentclass{beamer}

\mode<presentation> {

\usetheme{Madrid}

\usecolortheme{dolphin}
\setbeamertemplate{page number in head/foot}[framenumber]

\setbeamertemplate{navigation symbols}{} % To remove the navigation symbols from the bottom of all slides uncomment this line
}

\usepackage{graphicx} % Allows including images
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{caption} % Captions without ''Figure''
\usepackage{booktabs} % Allows the use of \toprule, \midrule and \bottomrule in tables
\usepackage{csquotes} %for quotation marks
\usepackage{amsmath} %for equations
\usepackage{adjustbox}
\usepackage{tabularx,threeparttable,multirow} 


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
%	TITLE PAGE
%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

\title[Intergovernmental Conflict and Censorship]{Intergovernmental Conflict and Censorship:\\Evidence from China's Anti-Corruption Campaign} %short title appears at the bottom of every slide, the full title is only on the title page

\author{\\
Maiting Zhuang} % Your name
\institute[SITE, SSE] % Your institution as it will appear on the bottom of every slide, may be shorthand to save space
{
Stockholm Institute of Transition Economics, Stockholm School of Economics\\ % Your institution for the title page
\medskip
maiting.zhuang@hhs.se\\ % Your email address
}
\bigskip

\date[May 2022]{May 2022}


\begin{document}

\makeatletter
\newcommand\primitiveinput[1]
{\@@input #1 }
\makeatother
\newcolumntype{Y}{>{\centering\arraybackslash}X}
\newcolumntype{d}[1]{D{.}{.}{#1}} 


\begin{frame}
\titlepage % Print the title page as the first slide
\end{frame}


%------------------------------------------------
\section{Motivation}


\begin{frame}[label=motivation]
\frametitle{Motivation}
\begin{itemize}
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
\item The press is not free in a majority of countries. \hyperlink{fh_world}{\beamerbutton{map}}
\item Autocratic regimes use the media to maintain stability and support.
\item Media systems and government hierarchies in autocracies are complex.
\item Does potentially sensitive media content vary systematically within autocracies? 
\item Can local governments control information flow within their region, counter the interests of higher levels of government?\\Does this have implications for local government accountability?
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=paper]
\frametitle{This paper}
\begin{itemize}
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
\item China: world's largest autocracy and ranks 177/180 in press freedom index. 
\item Chinese government exports media strategy and role model to other regimes. \hyperlink{fh_china}{\beamerbutton{Examples of Chinese influence}}
\item Wide-ranging anti-corruption campaign run and publicised by central government.
\item I collect over 40,000 newspaper articles to study how \textit{local} Chinese newspapers report about individual corruption cases from their own relative to other areas. 
\item Possible hypotheses:
	\begin{itemize}
	\item \textit{Central media strategy}: no difference in reporting  
	\item \textit{Demand-driven reporting}: more reporting about corruption in own area
	\item \textit{Local censorship}: less reporting about corruption in own area
	\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Preview of results}
\begin{itemize}
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
\item Newspapers write \textit{fewer} articles about \textit{high-level} corruption in their own province.
\item Newspaper articles about local corruption are shorter, less negative in tone and feature \textquote{boring} headlines.
\item Mechanisms: more underreporting of high-level corruption within the same province
	\begin{itemize} 
	\item when newspapers are more dependent on local governments \&
	\item when officials are more influential.
	\end{itemize}
\item Newspapers report \textit{more} about \textit{low-level} corruption scandals from the same province; except when a newspaper belongs to the same municipality as an official.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Interpretation and implications of results}
\begin{itemize}
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
\item Local governments control the media in their area to underreport stories that are potentially unfavourable to them.
\item Evidence against alternative explanations: 
	\begin{itemize}
		\item Demand by newspaper readers.
		\item Strategic overreporting by neighbouring provinces.
		\item Centralised censorship strategy.
	\end{itemize}
\item When levels of government have divergent preferences, government-controlled media have different reporting bias.
\item Principal-agent problem within an autocratic regime.
\item Local censorship breaks information transmission and monitoring for principal.
\item Suggestive evidence that local censorship reduces local government accountability and effectiveness of anti-corruption campaign.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}[label=literatureshort]
\begin{itemize}
\frametitle{Related literature}
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
\item Principal-agent problems within a government hierarchy
	\begin{itemize}
	\item Empirical examples of misaligned incentives in China: \textcolor{blue}{Fisman and Wang (2017)}, \textcolor{blue}{Jia and Nie (2017), Dutronc-Postel and Zhuang (2020)}
	\item Media as monitoring device for autocrats: \textcolor{blue}{Lorentzen (2013)}, \textcolor{blue}{Egorov, Guriev and Sonin (2009)}, \textcolor{blue}{Qin, Stromberg and Wu (2017)}
	\item \textcolor{blue}{Pan and Chen (2018)} show how officials conceal citizen complaints from superiors in one Chinese city
	\end{itemize}
\item Media control in non-democracies
	\begin{itemize}
	\item Censorship and propaganda on Chinese social media:\textcolor{blue}{King, Pan and Roberts (2017, 2014, 2013)}
	\item Propaganda vs. profit in Chinese newspaper markets: \textcolor{blue}{Qin, Stromberg and Wu (2018)}
	\end{itemize}
\item Economics of media bias
	\begin{itemize}
	\item Demand vs. supply-side explanations: \textcolor{blue}{Gentzkow and Shapiro (2010)}, \textcolor{blue}{Enikolopov, Petrova and Zhuravskaya (2011)}
	\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\section{Background}
 \begin{frame}<beamer>
    \frametitle{Outline}
    \tableofcontents[currentsection]
 \end{frame}
 
\begin{frame}[label=anti-corr]
\frametitle{Xi Jinping's anti-corruption campaign}
\begin{itemize}
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
\item Xi Jinping's major domestic policy, since coming to power in 2012.
\item Public rationale: increase Chinese Communist Party (CCP) legitimacy. Corruption will \textquote{doom party and state}.
\item 1.3 million officials punished: \textquote{Tigers} and \textquote{Flies}
\item Investigated officials removed from power, but local corruption networks may remain.
\item Campaign relies on local information and citizens' complaints. 
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=background]
\frametitle{Media in China}
\begin{itemize}
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
\item Coverage of anti-corruption campaign in central state media: People's Daily website, officials' confessions, popular TV dramas
\item Majority of Chinese newspapers are local, i.e. only circulated in local area.
\item Local newspapers answer to a local propaganda bureau, which answers to local government/party and central propaganda bureau.
\item Government control of media through propaganda guidelines and ex post sanctions. \hyperlink{example propaganda guidelines}{\beamerbutton{Guidelines}} \hyperlink{journalists imprisoned}{\beamerbutton{Sanctions}} 
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------


%------------------------------------------------

\section{Data}
 \begin{frame}<beamer>
    \frametitle{Outline}
    \tableofcontents[currentsection]
 \end{frame}
 
\begin{frame}[label=data1]
\frametitle{Data I} 
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
Individual officials under investigation
	\begin{itemize}
	\item All officials named on CCDI website from end-2012 to end-2014 from 14 provinces
	\item 408 officials in total, including all \textquote{Tigers}
	\item Source: Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI) \hyperlink{example CCDI}{\beamerbutton{example}}\\~\\
	\end{itemize}
Sample of newspapers
	\begin{itemize}
	\item All newspapers archived on Wisenews from 2011 to 2015: 99 newspapers in total
	\item Representative of large metropolitan areas; 14 out of 31 provinces
	\item Sources: Wisenews, Chinese Journalism Yearbooks, State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television\\~\\
	\end{itemize}
\hyperlink{chart7}{\beamerbutton{Summary statistics}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=data2]
\frametitle{Data II}
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
Newspaper articles 
	\begin{itemize}
	\item 41,378 articles about each official by each newspaper from 2 years before to 1 year after CCDI announcement
	\item Source: Wisenews\\~\\
	\end{itemize}
Newspapers' social media posts about high-level officials \hyperlink{sinaweiboex}{\beamerbutton{example}}
	\begin{itemize}
	\item  2,397 posts about high-level officials name post-announcement by 59 newspapers with official active Sina Weibo accounts
 	\item 30,334 available comments on Sina Weibo posts and characteristics of users \hyperlink{comment_chart}{\beamerbutton{API restriction}} \hyperlink{sinaweiboex_c}{\beamerbutton{example}}\\~\\
	\end{itemize}
Internet search data
	\begin{itemize}
	\item Province-day panel of internet searches about invidividual corrupt officials and official anti-corruption campaign citizen complaint website from Baidu
	\end{itemize}
\hyperlink{chart7}{\beamerbutton{Summary statistics}}
\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------
 
\section{Empirical strategy}
 \begin{frame}<beamer>
    \frametitle{Outline}
    \tableofcontents[currentsection]
 \end{frame}
 
 \begin{frame}[label=did_fig]
\frametitle{Fraction of newspapers with articles about corrupt officials}
\begin{figure}
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{YY}
A. High-level officials  & B. Low-level officials\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.44]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/fraccharthigh.pdf} & \includegraphics[scale=0.44]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/fracchartlow.pdf}\\
\end{tabularx}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

 \begin{frame}[label=did_fig]
\frametitle{Internet searches for corrupt officials}
\begin{figure}
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{YY}
A. High-level officials  & B. Low-level officials\\
 \includegraphics[scale=0.44]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/baidu_high.pdf}& \includegraphics[scale=0.44]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/baidu_low_samescale.pdf}\\
\end{tabularx}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=emp]
\frametitle{Empirical strategy}
\begin{equation*}
\scalebox{0.9}{$\begin{split}
Article_{o,n,t} = & \beta_1 (Post_{o,t} \times High_{o}) + \beta_2 (Post_{o,t} \times SameProvince_{o,n} \times High_{o}) +
\\& \beta_3 (Post_{o,t} \times Low_{o}) + \beta_4 (Post_{o,t} \times SameProvince_{o,n} \times Low_{o}) +  
\\& \mathbf{X'_t\delta} + \theta_{n,t} + \gamma_{o,n} + \epsilon_{o,n,t}
\end{split} $}
\end{equation*}
\begin{itemize}
\footnotesize
\item[] $Article_{o,n,t}$ - dummy whether at least one article published
\item[] $Post_{o,t}$ - dummy for period following the CCDI announcement
\item[] $High_o$ - dummy for high-level official
\item[] $Low_o$ - dummy for low-level official
\item[] $SameProvince_{o,n}$ - dummy whether official is from same province as newspaper
\item[] $\mathbf{X'_t}$ - seasonal controls: fixed effects for day-of-week, month, year, major holidays and major national CCP events
\item[] $\theta_{n,t}$ - fixed effects for major provincial CCP events
\item[] $\gamma_{o,n}$ - official-newspaper pair fixed effects 
\item[] $\epsilon_{o,n,t}$ - two-way clustered standard errors at newspaper and official level
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%------------------------------------------------

\section{Main Results}
 \begin{frame}<beamer>
    \frametitle{Outline}
    \tableofcontents[currentsection]
 \end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile,label=tabmain]
\frametitle{Newspapers underreport corruption in their own province}
\begin{adjustbox}{max height=\dimexpr\textheight-5.5cm\relax, max width=\textwidth}
\begin{table}
\footnotesize
\centering
\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{lYY}
\toprule
\multicolumn{3}{r}{Dependent Variable: Dummy for whether an article was published}\\
\midrule
\addlinespace
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/Table2.tex}}
\addlinespace
{Seasonal FE} & {} & {\checkmark}\\
\addlinespace
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/Table2_bottom.tex}}
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\end{table}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{City-level newspapers underreport corruption in their own city.}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/citynpadm}.pdf}
\caption*{\footnotesize Newspapers report relatively more about corrupt low-level officials from their home province relative to other provinces. City-level newspapers underreport corruption in their own city relative to other cities within the same province.}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=lda]
\frametitle{Classification of articles}
\begin{figure}
\begin{tabularx}{\hsize}{YY}
{\textquote{Development}} & {\textquote{Corruption}}\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/top0_words_eng_image} & \includegraphics[scale=0.4]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/top1_words_eng_image}\\
\end{tabularx}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Probability of \textquote{Corruption} topic increases post-announcement}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=\dimexpr\textheight-3cm\relax]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/lda_2k_lpoly}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=intensive,fragile]
\frametitle{Newspapers downplay corruption in their own province}
\begin{adjustbox}{max height=\dimexpr\textheight-4cm\relax, max width=\textwidth}
	\begin{table}
	\scriptsize
	\centering
	\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
	\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{l *{5}{Y}}
	\toprule
	 &\multicolumn{1}{c}{(1)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(2)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(3)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(4)}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{(5)}\\
	&\multirow{2}{*}{Log words}&\multirow{2}{*}{Sentiment} &\multirow{2}{*}{Complaints} &  \multicolumn{2}{c}{Article headline:}\\
	\multicolumn{4}{c}{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{Corruption}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\shortstack{Campaign}}\\
	\addlinespace
	\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/Tableframingshare_p.tex}}
	\addlinespace
	\bottomrule
	\end{tabularx}
	\end{table}
\end{adjustbox}
	 \hyperlink{sentiment}{\beamerbutton{Sentiment analysis chart}} 
\end{frame}

\section{Mechanisms and Interpretation}
 \begin{frame}<beamer>
    \frametitle{Outline}
    \tableofcontents[currentsection]
 \end{frame}


\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Interpretation of results}
Local governments pressure newspapers within their area to suppress or deemphasise unfavourable news. More underreporting when
\begin{itemize}
\item officials are well connected
\item newspapers are directly owned and financed by local governments
\item newspapers are from the same level of government as the official.\\~\\
\end{itemize}
No evidence for alternative explanations, e.g. reader demand, centralised censorship strategies, overreporting by local rivals.
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Implications of results}
Local censorship can reduce local government accountability:
\begin{itemize}
\item In China, citizens can only hold local officials accountable by appealing to higher levels of government.
\item Underreporting and deemphasising local corruption scandals reduces likelihood of citizen complaints about local officials.
\item Less information for central government to about officials currently under investigation and potential other corrupt local officials.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=intensive,fragile]
\frametitle{Newspaper coverage affects citizen complaints}
\begin{adjustbox}{max height=\dimexpr\textheight-4cm\relax, max width=\textwidth}
	\begin{table}
	\scriptsize
	\centering
	\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{l *{5}Y}
\toprule
\multicolumn{6}{r}{Baidu searches for non-anonymous complaint process}\\
\addlinespace
{} & {(1)} & {(2)} & {(3)} & {(4)} & {(5)}\\
\midrule
\addlinespace
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/Table_complaints_website.tex}}
\addlinespace
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
	\end{table}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Lag between investigation announcement and sentencing date}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/ddiff_date_diff_inv_sen.pdf}} 
\caption*{\footnotesize Underreporting increases the lag between investigation announcement and sentencing - potentially due to increased difficulty in gathering information about corrupt local officials from the local population.}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Future investigations into high-level corruption}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/prov_coefs_count_201516_Tiger.pdf}} 
\caption*{\footnotesize More severe underreporting of local high-level corruption scandals is associated with fewer future high-level corruption cases in the same province. Local censorship may undermine the anti-corruption effort.}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Sub-provincial newspapers underreport less about corruption within the provincial government}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/provnpadmhigh.pdf}
\caption*{\footnotesize Within the same province, newspapers from sub-provincial levels of government underreport less about high-level corruption in the provincial government.}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Types of local newspapers in China}
\begin{itemize}
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
	\item \textit{\textquote{Dailies}}: government-owned, party mouthpieces, financed through subsidies and public subscriptions
	\item \textit{Government-owned commercial papers}: government-owned, more entertainment content, financed through advertising
	\item \textit{Subsidiaries}: subsidiaries of other (government-owned) newspapers, in competition with government-owned commercial newspapers, financed through advertising
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=hetnewspapers]
\frametitle{More financially dependent newspapers underreport more}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/np2treathighscoef2.pdf}}
\caption*{\small Party newspapers underreport significantly more than either type of commercial newspaper.}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=hetof]
\frametitle{Scandals of better connected high-level officials are underreported more}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/s1treat.pdf}
\caption*{\small Connected officials served on the provincial party standing committee with the incumbent provincial party secretary, the highest official of a province. \hyperlink{casestudy}{\beamerbutton{Case Study: Wan Qingliang}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[fragile, label=sinaweiboreg]
\frametitle{Social media comments}
\begin{adjustbox}{max height=\dimexpr\textheight-5.5cm\relax, max width=\textwidth}
\begin{table}
\centering
\footnotesize
\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
\begin{tabularx}\textwidth{l *{4}Y}
\toprule
{}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{Number of comments}&\multicolumn{2}{c}{Time to first comment}\\
{} & {(1)} & {(2)} & {(3)} & {(4)} \\
\midrule
\addlinespace
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/Table_weibocomments.tex}}
\addlinespace
\end{tabularx}
\end{table}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{frame}


%%------------------------------------------------

\begin{frame}[label=robust]
\frametitle{Robustness checks}
\begin{itemize}
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
\item Alternative frequencies \hyperlink{tabfreq}{\beamerbutton{Table}}
\item Dynamic effects \hyperlink{chart5}{\beamerbutton{Chart}}
\item Complete official-newspaper province matrix \hyperlink{tablesh}{\beamerbutton{Table}}
\item Matched parent-subsidiary newspaper pairs \hyperlink{chartsub}{\beamerbutton{Chart}}
\item Fixed effects Poisson using number of articles published \hyperlink{tabpois}{\beamerbutton{Table}}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}


%%------------------------------------------------

\section{Conclusion}
 \begin{frame}<beamer>
    \frametitle{Outline}
    \tableofcontents[currentsection]
 \end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Conclusion}
\begin{itemize}
\setlength\itemsep{1em}
\item Local newspapers in China underreport and downplay high-level corruption scandals in their local area in response to local government pressure.
\item Censorship is not uniform in autocracies.
\item Differential media bias as empirical evidence of conflict of interest within the government hierarchy.
\item Wider implications about principal-agent problems within autocracies: decentralised and captured local media cannot act as effective monitoring device for the autocrat. 
\item Local censorship reduces local government accountability.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}


%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\appendix
\section{Appendix}



\begin{frame}[label=fh_world]
\frametitle{Freedom House index of press freedom}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=\dimexpr\textheight-3cm\relax]{Download_FH_Essay_1_Graphic_1_300.jpg}
\caption*{Source: Freedom House, \textquote{Freedom in the World Report 2019}. \hyperlink{motivation}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}[label=fh_china]
\frametitle{China's media influence around the world}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=\dimexpr\textheight-3cm\relax]{06032019_FINAL_CHINA_MAP_GRAPHIC_Essay_2_2000px.jpg}
\caption*{Source: Freedom House, \textquote{The Implications for Democracy of China’s Globalizing Media Influence}. \hyperlink{paper}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=comment_chart]
\frametitle{Reported vs. accessible comments on Sina Weibo}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=\dimexpr\textheight-3cm\relax]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/graph_comments.pdf}
\caption*{\hyperlink{data2}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=sentiment]
\frametitle{Sentiment analysis based on NUTSD: High-level officials}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=\dimexpr\textheight-3cm\relax]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/article_bal.pdf}
\caption*{\hyperlink{intensive}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}[label=sinaweiboex]
\frametitle{Example of Sina Weibo post from People's Daily}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=\dimexpr\textheight-3cm\relax]{sw_post.png}
\caption*{Source: People's Daily Sina Weibo account. \hyperlink{data2}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=sinaweiboex_c]
\frametitle{Example of Sina Weibo post from People's Daily - comment section}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[height=\dimexpr\textheight-3cm\relax]{sw_comments.png}
\caption*{Source: People's Daily Sina Weibo account. \hyperlink{data2}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=example propaganda guidelines]
\frametitle{Leaked propaganda guidelines from Guangdong}
\textit{Do not independently investigate, report, or comment on the series of corruption cases in Maoming,} with the exception of those which are arranged unified manner. (December 5, 2012)\\~\\
During the group discussion of the Zhongshan district delegation at the provincial People’s Congress, Li Yumei mentioned a case under investigation in which a main level cadre embezzled public funds for a family grave. \textit{Without exception, no media will report this.} (January 25, 2013)\\~\\
\textit{No media are to sensationalize} the topic of government officials making public their personal assets or related issues. \textit{Do not place reports on the front page, and do not lure readers to coverage.} (January 24, 2013)\\~\\
\hyperlink{background}{\beamerbutton{back}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=journalists imprisoned]
\frametitle{Number of journalists detained in 2017}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{{"RSF journalists imprisoned"}.png}
\caption*{Source: Reporters without Borders}
\end{figure}
\hyperlink{background}{\beamerbutton{back}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=press_freedom]
\frametitle{2019 World Press Freedom Map}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.12]{reporters_without_borders_map_2019.pdf}
\caption*{Source: Reporters without Borders \hyperlink{paper}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=example CCDI]
\frametitle{Example of CCDI post}
\textquote{The Deputy Secretary of the Municipal Party Committee and Mayor of Nanjing, Ji Jianye, is suspected of seriously violating the discipline and engaging in illegal behaviour and is currently under investigation.}\\
\begin{flushright}
published on CCDI website on 17 October 2013\\~\\
\end{flushright}
\hyperlink{data1}{\beamerbutton{back}}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}[label=chart7,fragile]
\frametitle{Summary statistics I}
\begin{table}
\begin{threeparttable}
\scriptsize
\centering
\begin{tabularx}\textwidth{l *{5}{Y}}
\toprule
 & {mean} & {sd} & {min} & {max} & {obs} \\
\midrule
\addlinespace
\multicolumn{3}{l}{\hspace{1cm}A. Newspapers} &{} & {} & {} \\
\cmidrule{1-6}
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/tab_sumstats_np.tex}}
\addlinespace
\addlinespace
\multicolumn{3}{l}{\hspace{1cm}B. Officials} & {} & {} & {} \\
\cmidrule{1-6}
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/tab_sumstats_of.tex}}
\addlinespace
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\begin{tablenotes}[flushleft]
\item[] {\tiny}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\hyperlink{data1}{\beamerbutton{back}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=chart7,fragile]
\frametitle{Summary statistics II}
\begin{table}
\begin{threeparttable}
\footnotesize
\centering
\begin{tabularx}\textwidth{l *{5}{Y}}
\toprule
 & {mean} & {sd} & {min} & {max} & {obs} \\
\midrule
\addlinespace
\multicolumn{3}{l}{\hspace{1cm}C. Articles} & {} & {} & {} \\
\cmidrule{1-6}
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/tab_sumstats_art.tex}}
\addlinespace
\addlinespace
\multicolumn{3}{l}{\hspace{1cm}D. Official-Newspaper-Day Panel} & {} & {} & {} \\
\cmidrule{1-6}
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/tab_sumstats_panel.tex}}
\addlinespace
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\begin{tablenotes}[flushleft]
\item[] {\tiny}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\hyperlink{data2}{\beamerbutton{back}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=chart7,fragile]
\frametitle{Summary statistics III}
\begin{table}
\begin{threeparttable}
\footnotesize
\centering
\begin{tabularx}\textwidth{l *{5}{Y}}
\toprule
 & {mean} & {sd} & {min} & {max} & {obs} \\
\midrule
\addlinespace
\multicolumn{6}{l}{\hspace{1cm}E.  Newspapers' Sina Weibo Accounts}\\
\cmidrule{1-6}
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/tab_sumstats_np_weibo1.tex}}
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/tab_sumstats_np_weibo2.tex}}
\addlinespace
\addlinespace
\multicolumn{6}{l}{\hspace{1cm}F. Newspapers' Sina Weibo posts} \\
\cmidrule{1-6}
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/tab_sumstats_mid_weibo.tex}}
\addlinespace
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\begin{tablenotes}[flushleft]
\item[] {\tiny}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\hyperlink{data2}{\beamerbutton{back}}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=chart7,fragile]
\frametitle{Summary statistics IV}
\begin{table}
\begin{threeparttable}
\footnotesize
\centering
\begin{tabularx}\textwidth{l *{5}{Y}}
\toprule
 & {mean} & {sd} & {min} & {max} & {obs} \\
\midrule
\addlinespace
\multicolumn{6}{l}{\hspace{1cm}G.  Commenters on Sina Weibo posts}\\
\cmidrule{1-6}
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/tab_sumstats_cuid_weibo1.tex}}
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/tab_sumstats_cuid_weibo2.tex}}
\addlinespace
\bottomrule
\end{tabularx}
\begin{tablenotes}[flushleft]
\item[] {\tiny}
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{table}
\hyperlink{data2}{\beamerbutton{back}}
\end{frame}



\begin{frame}[label=chart5,fragile]
\frametitle{Dynamic effects}
\begin{figure}
\begin{tabularx}{\hsize}{YY}
{A. High-level officials, same province} & {B. High-level officials}\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.26]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/fig_b1_ophigh_month.pdf} & \includegraphics[scale=0.26]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/fig_b1_high_month.pdf}\\
\addlinespace
{C. Low-level officials, same province} & {D. Low-level officials}\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.26]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/fig_b1_oplow_month.pdf} & \includegraphics[scale=0.26]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/fig_b1_low_month.pdf}
\end{tabularx}
\hyperlink{robust}{\beamerbutton{back}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=chartsub,fragile]
\frametitle{Subsidiaries and their parent newspapers}
\begin{figure}
\begin{tabularx}{\hsize}{YY}
{A. High-level officials, same province} & {B. High-level officials}\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.26]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/npcharthigh} & \includegraphics[scale=0.26]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/npcharthighnotop}\\
\addlinespace
{C. Low-level officials, same province} & {D. Low-level officials}\\
\includegraphics[scale=0.26]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/npchartlow} & \includegraphics[scale=0.26]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/npchartlownotop}
\end{tabularx}
\caption*{\hyperlink{robust}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}



\begin{frame}[fragile, label=tabpois]
\frametitle{Poisson and OLS comparison}
\begin{table}
\centering
\tiny
\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
\begin{tabularx}{\textwidth}{l *{2}{Y}}
\toprule
{}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\shortstack{Poisson:\\Number of\\articles published}}&\multicolumn{1}{c}{\shortstack{OLS:\\Dummy for whether\\an article is published}}\\
{} & {(1)} & {(2)}\\
\midrule
\addlinespace
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/TableB1.tex}}
\addlinespace
\end{tabularx}
\caption*{\hyperlink{robust}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{table}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}[fragile, label=tabfreq]
\frametitle{Alternative Frequencies}
\begin{table}
\centering
\tiny
\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
\begin{tabularx}\textwidth{l *{4}Y}
\toprule
{}&\multicolumn{4}{c}{Dummy for whether an article is published}\\
\addlinespace
{Frequency} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Weeks} & \multicolumn{2}{c}{Months} \\
{} & {(1)} &{(2)}&{(3)}&{(4)} \\
\midrule
\addlinespace
\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/tab_altfreq.tex}}
\addlinespace
\end{tabularx}
\caption*{\hyperlink{robust}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{table}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}[label=tablesh,fragile]
\frametitle{All newspaper and high-level official provinces}
	\def\sym#1{\ifmmode^{#1}\else\(^{#1}\)\fi}
\begin{table}
\tiny
\begin{tabularx}{\hsize}{l*{9}{Y}}
	\toprule
	\multicolumn{1}{l}{OF prov.}& \multicolumn{9}{c}{Newspaper province}\\
	\midrule
	\addlinespace
	\primitiveinput{{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/tab_b1_excentre.tex}}
	\addlinespace
	\bottomrule
	\end{tabularx}
\caption*{\hyperlink{robust}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{table}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=casestudy]
\frametitle{Case Study: Wan Qingliang and his network}
\begin{figure}
A. Before Wan Qingliang's investigation announcement \\
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/wqlpre}
\caption*{\small Newspapers from Guangzhou report less about scandals involving low-level officials connected to Wan Qingliang than comparable unconnected officials. \hyperlink{hetof}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}[label=casestudy]
\frametitle{Case Study: Wan Qingliang and his network}
\begin{figure}
B. After Wan Qingliang's investigation announcement \\
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{../Replication data/JEEA replication files/final/output/wqlpost}
\caption*{\small  Newspapers from Guangzhou report similarly about scandals involving low-level officials connected to Wan Qingliang than comparable unconnected officials. \hyperlink{hetof}{\beamerbutton{back}}}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

\end{document} 